Units#1-30

#1-Present Simple

• They have a lot of books.
• They read a lot.
• He’s eating an ice cream.
• He likes ice cream.

• I like Icecream

• They read / he likes / I work etc. = the present simple:

l/we/you/they | read like work live watch do have

he/she/it | reads likes works lives watches does has

Remember: he works / she lives / it rains etc.

• I work in a shop. My brother works in a bank. My brother work)
• Lucy lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland.
• It rains a lot in winter.

I have —>he/she/it has:

• Joe has a shower every day

• I like big cities.
• Your English is good. You speak very well.
• Tom works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 o'clock in the evening.
• The earth goes round the sun.
• We do a lot of different things in our free time.
• It costs a lot of money to build a hospital.

• Sue always gets to work early, (not Sue gets always)
• I never eat breakfast, (not I eat never)
• We often go away at weekends.
• Mark usually plays football on Sundays.
• I sometimes walk to work, but not very often.

Present Simple-Negative

• The present simple negative is don't/doesn't + verb:

• I drink coffee, but I don't drink tea.
• Sue drinks tea, but she doesn't drink coffee.
• You don't work very hard.
• We don't watch TV very often.
• The weather is usually nice. It doesn't rain very often.
• Sam and Chris don't know many people.

• I don't like football.
• He doesn't like football.
• I don't like Fred and Fred doesn't like me. (not Fred don't like)
• My car doesn't use much petrol. (not My car don't use)
• Sometimes he is late, but it doesn't happen very often.

• I don't like washing the car. I don't do it very often.
• Sarah speaks Spanish, but she doesn't speak Italian. (not doesn't speaks)
• David doesn't do his job very well, (not David doesn't his job)
• Paula doesn't usually have breakfast, (not doesn't... has)

Present Simple-Questions

• We use do/does in present simple questions:

• What do you do? = What's your job?
• 'What do you do?' 'I work in a bank.'

• Do they like music?
• Does he like music?

• 'Do you play the guitar?' 'No, I don't.'
• Do your parents speak English?' Yes, they do.'
• Does James work hard?' Yes, he does.'
• Does your sister live in London?' No, she doesn't.'

am/is/are

• I'm cold. Can you close the window, please?
• I'm 32 years old. My sister is 29.
• Steve is ill. He's in bed.
• My brother is scared of dogs.
• It's ten o'clock. You're late again.
• Ann and I are good friends.
• Your keys are on the table.

• I'm tired, but I'm not hungry.
• Lisa isn't interested in politics. She's interested in art.
• James isn't a teacher. He's a student.
• Those people aren't English. They're Australian.
• It's sunny today, but it isn't warm

that's = that is there's = there is here's = here is

• Thank you. That's very kind of you.
• Look! There's Chris.
• 'Here's your key.' 'Thank you.'

am/is/are(questions)

• 'Am I late?' 'No, you're on time.'
• Is your mother at home?' No, she's out.'
• Are your parents at home?' No, they're out.'
• 'Is it cold in your room?' 'Yes, a little.'
• Your shoes are nice. Are they new?

We say:

• Is she at home? / Is your mother at home? (not Is at home your mother?)
• Are they new? / Are your shoes new? (not Are new your shoes?)

• Where is your mother? Is she at home?
• 'Where are you from?' 'Canada.'
• 'What colour is your car?' 'It's red.'
• 'How old is Joe?' 'He's 24.'
• How are your parents? Are they well?
• These shoes are nice. How much are they?
• This hotel isn't very good. Why is it so expensive?

• What's the time?
• Who's that man?
• Where's Lucy?
• How's your father?

• Are you tired?' Yes, I am.'
• 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I'm not, but I'm thirsty.'
• Is your friend English?' Yes, he is.'
• 'Are these your keys?' Yes, they are.'
• That's my seat.' No, it isn't.'

#2-Present Continuous

• I'm working. I'm not watching TV.
• Maria is reading a newspaper.
• She isn't eating, (or She's not eating.)
• The bus is coming.
• We're having dinner.
• You're not listening to me. (or You aren't listening)
• The children are doing their homework.

• Please be quiet. I'm working. (= I'm working now)
• Look, there's Sarah. She's wearing a brown coat. (= she is wearing it now)
• The weather is nice. It's not raining.
• 'Where are the children?' 'They're playing in the park.'
• (on the phone) We're having dinner now. Can I call you later?
• You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it.

Present Continuous-Questions

• 'Are you feeling OK?' 'Yes, I'm fine, thanks.'
• 'Is it raining?' 'Yes, take an umbrella.'
• Why are you wearing a coat? It's not cold.
• 'What's Paul doing?' 'He's studying for his exams.'
• 'What are the children doing?' 'They're watching TV.'
• Look, there's Emily! Where's she going?
• Who are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Sue?

Study the word order:

is/are + subject + -ing

• 'Are you going now?' 'Yes, I am.'
• 'Is Ben working today?' 'Yes, he is.'
• Is it raining?' No, it isn't.'
• 'Are your friends staying at a hotel?' 'No, they aren't. They're staying with me.'

I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple)

• Jack is watching television.
• He is not playing the guitar.
• But Jack has a guitar.
• He often plays it and he plays very well.
• Jack plays the guitar, but he is not playing the guitar now.
• Is he playing the guitar? No, he isn't. (present continuous)
• Does he play the guitar? Yes, he does. (present simple)

• Please be quiet. I'm working. (not I work)
• Tom is having a shower at the moment. (not Tom has)
• Take an umbrella with you. It's raining.
• You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it.
• Why are you under the table? What are you doing?

• I work every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30.
• Tom has a shower every morning.
• It rains a lot in winter.
• I don't watch TV very often.
• What do you usually do at weekends?

We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing):

• Use only the present simple with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.):
• I'm tired. I want to go home, (not I'm wanting)
• 'Do you know that girl?' 'Yes, but I don't remember her name.'
• I don't understand What do you mean?

I have ... and I've got

• You can say I have or I've got, he has or he's got:

• I have blue eyes, or I've got blue eyes.
• Tom has two sisters, or Tom has got two sisters.
• Our car has four doors, or Our car has got four doors.
• Sarah isn't feeling well. She has a headache, or She's got a headache.
• They like animals. They have a horse, three dogs and six cats, or They've got a horse

I don't have / I haven't got etc. (negative)

• I don't have a car. or I haven't got a car.
• They don't have any children, or They haven't got any children.
• It's a nice house, but it doesn't have a garden, or ... it hasn't got a garden.
• Amy doesn't have a job at the moment, or Amy hasn't got a job

do you have? / have you got? etc. (questions)

• 'Do you have a camera?' 'No, I don't.' or
• 'Have you got a camera?' 'No, I haven't.'
• 'Does Helen have a car?' 'Yes, she does.' or
• 'Has Helen got a car?' 'Yes, she has.'
• What kind of car does she have? or ... has she got?
• How many children do they have? or ... have they got?

Was or Were

• Now Robert is at work.
• At midnight last night he wasn't at work.
• He was in bed.
• He was asleep.

• I am tired, (now)               | I was tired last night
• Where is Kate? (now)       | Where was Kate yesterday?
• The weather is good today. | The weather was good last week.

You are late, (now)          | You were late yesterday
They aren't here, (now) | They weren't here last Sunday.

• Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now.
• When I was a child, I was scared of dogs.
• We were hungry after the journey, but we weren't tired.
• The hotel was comfortable, but it wasn't expensive.
• Was the weather nice when you were on holiday?
• Your shoes are nice. Were they expensive?
• Why were you late this morning?

• 'Were you late?' 'No, I wasn't.'
• 'Was Tom at work yesterday?' 'Yes, he was.'
• 'Were Sue and Steve at the party?' No, they weren't.'

U#11-Simple Past

• They watch TV every evening. (present simple)
• They watched TV yesterday evening. (past simple)

• watched is the past simple:

• I clean my teeth every morning. This morning I cleaned my teeth.
• Terry worked in a bank from 2005 to 2011.
• Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
• We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people.
• The party finished at midnight.

• Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not -ed. Here are some important irregular verbs

• I usually get up early, but this morning I got up at 9 o'clock.
• We did a lot of work yesterday.
• Caroline went to the cinema three times last week.
• James came into the room, took off his coat and sat down.

U#12) Simple Past Negative and Questions

• We use did in past simple negatives and questions:

• I don't watch TV very often.
• I didn't watch TV yesterday.
• Does she often go away?
• Did she go away last week?

• I played tennis yesterday, but I didn't win.
• 'Did you do the shopping?' 'No, I didn't have time.'
• We went to the cinema, but we didn't enjoy the film.

Study the word order in questions:

• Did you see Joe yesterday?' 'No, I didn't.'
• Did it rain on Sunday?' 'Yes, it did.'
• Did Helen come to the party?' No, she didn't.'
• Did your parents have a good holiday?' Yes, they did.'

U#13)-Past Continuous

• It is 6 o'clock now.
• Paul is at home.
• He is watching TV.
• At 4 o'clock he wasn't at home.
• He was at the sports club.
• He was swimming in the pool.
• He wasn't watching TV.

• What were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working?
• 'What did he say?' 'I don't know. I wasn't listening.'
• It was raining so we didn't go out.
• In 2009 we were living in Canada.
• Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers.
• I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds were singing

U#14 ) Past Continuous & Past Simple

• What happened? His phone rang, (past simple)
• What was Jack doing when his phone rang? He was reading a book.(past continuous)
• What did he do when his phone rang? He stopped reading and answered his phone.(past simple)
• Jack began reading before his phone rang. So when his phone rang, he was reading.

• I started work at 9 o'clock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 I was working.
• It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we went out)
• I saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop.
• Kelly fell asleep while she was reading.

U#15) Present Perfect

• I've lost my passport. (= I can't find my passport now)
• 'Where's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed.' (= she is in bed now)
• We've bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
• It's Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a present. (= I don't have a present for her now)
• 'Bob is away on holiday.' 'Oh, where has he gone?' (= where is he now?)
• Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (= do you need it now?)

U#16) I've just... I’ve already...I haven't... yet (present perfect 2)

I've just

just = a short time ago

• A: Are Laura and Paul here?
• B: Yes, they've just arrived.
• A: Are you hungry?
• B: No, I've just had dinner.
• A: Is Tom here?
• B: No, I'm afraid he's just gone. (= he has just gone)

I’ve already

already = before you expected / before I expected

• A: What time are Laura and Paul coming?
• B: They've already arrived.(= before you expected)
• It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already gone to bed. (= before I expected)
• A: Jon, this is Emma.
• B: Yes, I know. We've already met.

I haven't... yet / Have you ... yet?

yet in negative sentences (I haven't... yet)

• A: Are Laura and Paul here?
• B: No, they haven't arrived yet. (but B expects Laura and Paul to arrive soon)

• A: Does James know that you're going away?
• B: No, I haven't told him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon)
• Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet.

yet in questions (Have you ... yet?)

• A: Have Laura and Paul arrived yet?
• B: No, not yet. We're still waiting for them.

• A: Has Nicola started her new job yet?

• B: No, she starts next week.

• A: This is my new dress.

• B: Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet?

U#17) Have you ever... ? (present perfect 3)

• 'Have you been to France?' 'No, I haven't.'
• I've been to Canada, but I haven't been to the United States.
• Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places.
• I've seen that woman before, but I can't remember where.
• How many times has Brazil won the World Cup?
• 'Have you read this book?' 'Yes, I've read it twice.' (twice = two times)

• 'Has Ann ever been to Australia?' 'Yes, once.' (once = one time)
• 'Have you ever played golf?' 'Yes, I play a lot.'
• My sister has never travelled by plane.
• I've never ridden a horse.
• Who is that man?' 'I don't know. I've never seen him before.'

• Ben has gone to Spain. (= he is in Spain now)
• Ben has been to Spain.(= he went to Spain, but now he is back)

Compare:

• I can't find Susan. Where has she gone? (= where is she now?)
• Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?

U#18) How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4)

• Helen is on holiday in Ireland.
• She is there now.
• She arrived in Ireland on Monday.
• Today is Thursday.
• How long has she been in Ireland?

• She has been in Ireland [ since Monday | for three days. ]