Units#1-30
#1-Present Simple

- They have a lot of books.
- They read a lot.
- He’s eating an ice cream.
- He likes ice cream.
- They read / he likes / I work etc. = the present simple:
l/we/you/they | read like work live watch do have
he/she/it | reads likes works lives watches does has
Remember: he works / she lives / it rains etc.
- I work in a shop. My brother works in a bank. My brother work)
- Lucy lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland.
- It rains a lot in winter.
I have —>he/she/it has:
- Joe has a shower every day

- We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all
the time:
- I like big cities.
- Your English is good. You speak very well.
- Tom works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 o'clock in the evening.
- The earth goes round the sun.
- We do a lot of different things in our free time.
- It costs a lot of money to build a hospital.
always/never/often/usually/sometimes + present simple
- Sue always gets to work early, (not Sue gets always)
- I never eat breakfast, (not I eat never)
- We often go away at weekends.
- Mark usually plays football on Sundays.
- I sometimes walk to work, but not very often.
Present Simple-Negative
- The present simple negative is don't/doesn't + verb:


- I drink coffee, but I don't drink tea.
- Sue drinks tea, but she doesn't drink coffee.
- You don't work very hard.
- We don't watch TV very often.
- The weather is usually nice. It doesn't rain very often.
- Sam and Chris don't know many people.
l/we/you/they | don't.
he/she/it | doesn't
- I don't like football.
- He doesn't like football.
- I don't like Fred and Fred doesn't like me. (not Fred don't like)
- My car doesn't use much petrol. (not My car don't use)
- Sometimes he is late, but it doesn't happen very often.
We use don't/doesn't + infinitive (don't like / doesn't speak / doesn't do etc.):
- I don't like washing the car. I don't do it very often.
- Sarah speaks Spanish, but she doesn't speak Italian. (not doesn't speaks)
- David doesn't do his job very well, (not David doesn't his job)
- Paula doesn't usually have breakfast, (not doesn't... has)
Present Simple-Questions
- We use do/does in present simple questions:




- What do you do? = What's your job?
- 'What do you do?' 'I work in a bank.'
do l/we/you/they...
does he/she/it
- Do they like music?
- Does he like music?

- 'Do you play the guitar?' 'No, I don't.'
- Do your parents speak English?' Yes, they do.'
- Does James work hard?' Yes, he does.'
- Does your sister live in London?' No, she doesn't.'
am/is/are


- I'm cold. Can you close the window, please?
- I'm 32 years old. My sister is 29.
- Steve is ill. He's in bed.
- My brother is scared of dogs.
- It's ten o'clock. You're late again.
- Ann and I are good friends.
- Your keys are on the table.
- I'm tired, but I'm not hungry.
- Lisa isn't interested in politics. She's interested in art.
- James isn't a teacher. He's a student.
- Those people aren't English. They're Australian.
- It's sunny today, but it isn't warm

that's = that is there's = there is here's = here is
- Thank you. That's very kind of you.
- Look! There's Chris.
- 'Here's your key.' 'Thank you.'

am/is/are(questions)


- 'Am I late?' 'No, you're on time.'
- Is your mother at home?' No, she's out.'
- Are your parents at home?' No, they're out.'
- 'Is it cold in your room?' 'Yes, a little.'
- Your shoes are nice. Are they new?
We say:
- Is she at home? / Is your mother at home? (not Is at home your mother?)
- Are they new? / Are your shoes new? (not Are new your shoes?)
Where... ? / What... ? / Who ... ? / How ... ? / Why ... ?
- Where is your mother? Is she at home?
- 'Where are you from?' 'Canada.'
- 'What colour is your car?' 'It's red.'
- 'How old is Joe?' 'He's 24.'
- How are your parents? Are they well?
- These shoes are nice. How much are they?
- This hotel isn't very good. Why is it so expensive?
🔰 what's = what is
🔰 who's = who is
🔰 how's = how is
🔰 where's = where is
- What's the time?
- Who's that man?
- Where's Lucy?
- How's your father?

- Are you tired?' Yes, I am.'
- 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I'm not, but I'm thirsty.'
- Is your friend English?' Yes, he is.'
- 'Are these your keys?' Yes, they are.'
- That's my seat.' No, it isn't.'
#2-Present Continuous

The present continuous is:
am/is/are + doing/eating/running/writing etc.

- I'm working. I'm not watching TV.
- Maria is reading a newspaper.
- She isn't eating, (or She's not eating.)
- The bus is coming.
- We're having dinner.
- You're not listening to me. (or You aren't listening)
- The children are doing their homework.
am/is/are + -ing = something is happening now:

- Please be quiet. I'm working. (= I'm working now)
- Look, there's Sarah. She's wearing a brown coat. (= she is wearing it now)
- The weather is nice. It's not raining.
- 'Where are the children?' 'They're playing in the park.'
- (on the phone) We're having dinner now. Can I call you later?
- You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it.

Present Continuous-Questions


- 'Are you feeling OK?' 'Yes, I'm fine, thanks.'
- 'Is it raining?' 'Yes, take an umbrella.'
- Why are you wearing a coat? It's not cold.
- 'What's Paul doing?' 'He's studying for his exams.'
- 'What are the children doing?' 'They're watching TV.'
- Look, there's Emily! Where's she going?
- Who are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Sue?
Study the word order:
is/are + subject + -ing


- 'Are you going now?' 'Yes, I am.'
- 'Is Ben working today?' 'Yes, he is.'
- Is it raining?' No, it isn't.'
- 'Are your friends staying at a hotel?' 'No, they aren't. They're staying with me.'
I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple)

- Jack is watching television.
- He is not playing the guitar.
- But Jack has a guitar.
- He often plays it and he plays very well.
- Jack plays the guitar, but he is not playing the guitar now.
- Is he playing the guitar? No, he isn't. (present continuous)
- Does he play the guitar? Yes, he does. (present simple)
Present continuous (I am doing) = now, at the time of speaking:

- Please be quiet. I'm working. (not I work)
- Tom is having a shower at the moment. (not Tom has)
- Take an umbrella with you. It's raining.
- You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it.
- Why are you under the table? What are you doing?
Present simple (I do) = in general, all the time or sometimes:

- I work every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30.
- Tom has a shower every morning.
- It rains a lot in winter.
- I don't watch TV very often.
- What do you usually do at weekends?
We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing):

🔰 Like 🔰 Remember 🔰 Know
🔰 Prefer 🔰 Believe 🔰 Understand
🔰 Need 🔰 Forget
🔰 Mean 🔰 Want
- Use only the present simple with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.):
- I'm tired. I want to go home, (not I'm wanting)
- 'Do you know that girl?' 'Yes, but I don't remember her name.'
- I don't understand What do you mean?
I have ... and I've got
- You can say I have or I've got, he has or he's got:


- I have blue eyes, or I've got blue eyes.
- Tom has two sisters, or Tom has got two sisters.
- Our car has four doors, or Our car has got four doors.
- Sarah isn't feeling well. She has a headache, or She's got a headache.
- They like animals. They have a horse, three dogs and six cats, or They've got a horse
I don't have / I haven't got etc. (negative)

- I don't have a car. or I haven't got a car.
- They don't have any children, or They haven't got any children.
- It's a nice house, but it doesn't have a garden, or ... it hasn't got a garden.
- Amy doesn't have a job at the moment, or Amy hasn't got a job
do you have? / have you got? etc. (questions)

- 'Do you have a camera?' 'No, I don't.' or
- 'Have you got a camera?' 'No, I haven't.'
- 'Does Helen have a car?' 'Yes, she does.' or
- 'Has Helen got a car?' 'Yes, she has.'
- What kind of car does she have? or ... has she got?
- How many children do they have? or ... have they got?
Was or Were

- Now Robert is at work.
- At midnight last night he wasn't at work.
- He was in bed.
- He was asleep.
am/is (present) —>was (past):
- I am tired, (now) | I was tired last night
- Where is Kate? (now) | Where was Kate yesterday?
- The weather is good today. | The weather was good last week.
are (present) —» were (past):
You are late, (now) | You were late yesterday
They aren't here, (now) | They weren't here last Sunday.

- Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now.
- When I was a child, I was scared of dogs.
- We were hungry after the journey, but we weren't tired.
- The hotel was comfortable, but it wasn't expensive.
- Was the weather nice when you were on holiday?
- Your shoes are nice. Were they expensive?
- Why were you late this morning?

- 'Were you late?' 'No, I wasn't.'
- 'Was Tom at work yesterday?' 'Yes, he was.'
- 'Were Sue and Steve at the party?' No, they weren't.'
U#11-Simple Past

- They watch TV every evening. (present simple)
- They watched TV yesterday evening. (past simple)
|
|
| l/we/you/they |
watched |
| he/she/it |
watched |
- watched is the past simple:
- The past simple is often -ed (regular verbs). For example:
🔰 Work —> Worked 🔰 Dance —> Danced
🔰 Clean —>Cleaned 🔰 Stay —> Stayed
🔰 Start —> Started 🔰 Need —> Needed
- I clean my teeth every morning. This morning I cleaned my teeth.
- Terry worked in a bank from 2005 to 2011.
- Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
- We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people.
- The party finished at midnight.
🔰 Try —> Tried 🔰 Study —> Studied
🔰 Stop —> Stopped 🔰 Plan —> Planned
🔰Copy —» Copied
- Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not -ed. Here are some important irregular verbs
🔰 begin —> began 🔰 fall —> fell
🔰 sell —> sold 🔰 break —> broke
🔰 lose —> lost 🔰leave —> left
🔰 sit —> sat 🔰 find —> found
🔰 bring —> brought🔰 sleep —> slept
🔰 fly —> flew 🔰build —> built
🔰make —> made 🔰 forget —> forgot
🔰 meet —> met 🔰 pay —> paid
🔰 speak —> spoke 🔰 stand —> stood
🔰 buy —> bought 🔰 catch —> caught
🔰 get —> got 🔰 give —> gave
🔰 put —> put 🔰come —> came
🔰 take —> took 🔰 go —>went
🔰 read —> read (red)* 🔰 have —> had
🔰 tell —> told 🔰 ring —> rang
🔰 do —> did 🔰 think —> thought
🔰 drink drank 🔰 eat —> ate
🔰 hear —> heard 🔰 know —> knew
🔰 say —> said 🔰 see —> saw
🔰 win —>won 🔰 write —> wrote


- I usually get up early, but this morning I got up at 9 o'clock.
- We did a lot of work yesterday.
- Caroline went to the cinema three times last week.
- James came into the room, took off his coat and sat down.
U#12) Simple Past Negative and Questions
- We use did in past simple negatives and questions:


do/does (present) —» did (past):
- I don't watch TV very often.
- I didn't watch TV yesterday.
- Does she often go away?
- Did she go away last week?
We use did/didn't + infinitive (watch/play/go etc.):

- I played tennis yesterday, but I didn't win.
- 'Did you do the shopping?' 'No, I didn't have time.'
- We went to the cinema, but we didn't enjoy the film.
Study the word order in questions:


- Did you see Joe yesterday?' 'No, I didn't.'
- Did it rain on Sunday?' 'Yes, it did.'
- Did Helen come to the party?' No, she didn't.'
- Did your parents have a good holiday?' Yes, they did.'
U#13)-Past Continuous

- It is 6 o'clock now.
- Paul is at home.
- He is watching TV.
- At 4 o'clock he wasn't at home.
- He was at the sports club.
- He was swimming in the pool.
- He wasn't watching TV.

was/were + -ing is the past continuous:
Spelling (live -» living / run —>running / lie -» lying etc.)


- What were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working?
- 'What did he say?' 'I don't know. I wasn't listening.'
- It was raining so we didn't go out.
- In 2009 we were living in Canada.
- Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers.
- I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds were singing
am/is/are + -ing (present) —>was/were + -ing (past):



U#14 ) Past Continuous & Past Simple


- What happened? His phone rang, (past simple)
- What was Jack doing when his phone rang? He was reading a book.(past continuous)
- What did he do when his phone rang? He stopped reading and answered his phone.(past simple)
- Jack began reading before his phone rang. So when his phone rang, he was reading.


- I started work at 9 o'clock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 I was working.
- It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we went out)
- I saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop.
- Kelly fell asleep while she was reading.
U#15) Present Perfect


has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present perfect (have + past participle):



Regular verbs The past participle is -ed (the same as the past simple):
🔰clean —> I have cleaned
🔰 finish —> we have finished
🔰 start —> she has started
Irregular verbs The past participle is not -ed.
- Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same:
🔰 buy —> I bought / I have bought
🔰 have —> he had / he has had
- Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different:
🔰break —>I broke / I have broken
🔰 see —> you saw / you have seen
🔰 fall —>it fell / it has fallen
🔰 go —>they went / they have gone
We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now:
- I've lost my passport. (= I can't find my passport now)
- 'Where's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed.' (= she is in bed now)
- We've bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
- It's Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a present. (= I don't have a present for her now)
- 'Bob is away on holiday.' 'Oh, where has he gone?' (= where is he now?)
- Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (= do you need it now?)
U#16) I've just... I’ve already...I haven't... yet (present perfect 2)
I've just
just = a short time ago

- A: Are Laura and Paul here?
- B: Yes, they've just arrived.
- A: Are you hungry?
- B: No, I've just had dinner.
- A: Is Tom here?
- B: No, I'm afraid he's just gone. (= he has just gone)
I’ve already
already = before you expected / before I expected

- A: What time are Laura and Paul coming?
- B: They've already arrived.(= before you expected)
- It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already gone to bed. (= before I expected)
- A: Jon, this is Emma.
- B: Yes, I know. We've already met.
I haven't... yet / Have you ... yet?
yet = until now
- We use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end.
yet in negative sentences (I haven't... yet)
- A: Are Laura and Paul here?
- B: No, they haven't arrived yet. (but B expects Laura and Paul to arrive soon)

- A: Does James know that you're going away?
- B: No, I haven't told him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon)
- Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet.
yet in questions (Have you ... yet?)
- A: Have Laura and Paul arrived yet?
- B: No, not yet. We're still waiting for them.

-
A: Has Nicola started her new job yet?
-
B: No, she starts next week.
-
A: This is my new dress.
-
B: Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet?
U#17) Have you ever... ? (present perfect 3)


We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk about a time from
the past until now - for example, a persons life:

- 'Have you been to France?' 'No, I haven't.'
- I've been to Canada, but I haven't been to the United States.
- Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places.
- I've seen that woman before, but I can't remember where.
- How many times has Brazil won the World Cup?
- 'Have you read this book?' 'Yes, I've read it twice.' (twice = two times)
present perfect + ever (in questions) and never:
- 'Has Ann ever been to Australia?' 'Yes, once.' (once = one time)
- 'Have you ever played golf?' 'Yes, I play a lot.'
- My sister has never travelled by plane.
- I've never ridden a horse.
- Who is that man?' 'I don't know. I've never seen him before.'


- Ben has gone to Spain. (= he is in Spain now)
- Ben has been to Spain.(= he went to Spain, but now he is back)
Compare:
- I can't find Susan. Where has she gone? (= where is she now?)
- Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?
U#18) How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4)

- Helen is on holiday in Ireland.
- She is there now.
- She arrived in Ireland on Monday.
- Today is Thursday.
- How long has she been in Ireland?

- She has been in Ireland [ since Monday | for three days. ]



|
|
| Present simple |
Present perfect simple (have been / have lived / have known etc.) |
| Dan and Kate are married |
They have been married for five years.(not ❌ They are married for five years.) |
| Are you married? |
How long have you been married?(not ❌ How long are you married?) |
| Do you know Lisa? |
How long have you known her?(not ❌ How long do you know her?) |
| I know Lisa. |
I've known her for a long time.(not ❌ I know her for...) |
| Vicky lives in London |
How long has she lived in London? She has lived there all her life. |
| I have a car. |
How long have you had your car? I've had it since April. |
|
|
| Present Continuous |
Present perfect Continuous (have been + -ing) |
| I'm learning German. |
How long have you been learning German?(not ❌ How long are you learning German?) I've been learning German for two years. |
| David is watching TV. |
How long has he been watching TV? He's been (= He has been) watching TV since 5 o'clock. |
| It's raining. |
It's been (= It has been) raining all day. |
U#19) for... since... ago...
for and since
We use for and since to say how long:
- Helen is in Ireland. She has been there [ since Monday | for three days. ]
We use for + a period of time (three days / two years etc.):


- Richard has been in Canada for six months. (not ❌ since six months)
- We've been waiting for two hours. (not ❌ since two hours)
- I've lived in London for a long time.
We use since + the start of the period
(Monday / 9 o'clock etc.):


- Richard has been in Canada since January. (= from January to now)
- We've been waiting since 9 o'clock. (= from 9 o'clock to now)
- I've lived in London since I was ten years old.
- Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (= three weeks before now)
- 'When did Tom go out?' Ten minutes ago.' (=ten minutes before now)
- I had dinner an hour ago.
- Life was very different a hundred years ago.
We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was etc.).
Compare ago and for:
- When did Helen arrive in Ireland?
- She arrived in Ireland three days ago.
- How long has she been in Ireland?
- She has been in Ireland for three days.
U#20) I have done (present perfect) and I did (past)
- With a finished time (yesterday / last week etc.), we use the past (arrived/saw/was etc.):
- Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have done / have been etc.) with a finished time:


- I saw Paula yesterday. ( not ❌ I have seen)
- Where were you on Sunday afternoon? ( not ❌ Where have you been)
- We didn't have a holiday last year ( not ❌ We haven't had)
- 'What did you do last night?' 'I stayed at home.'
- William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many plays and poems.
Use the past to ask When ... ? or What time ... ?:
- When did you buy your computer? (not ❌ When have you bought)
- What time did Andy go out? (not ❌ What time has Andy gone out)

|
|
| Present Perfect |
Simple Past |
| I have lost my key.(= I can't find it now) |
I lost my key last week. |
| Ben has gone home.(= he isn't here now) |
Ben went home ten minutes ago |
| Have you seen Kate?(= where is she now?) |
Did you see Kate on Saturday? |
| Have you ever been to Spain? (= in your life, until now) |
Did you go to Spain last year? |
| My friend is a writer. He has written many books. |
Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems. |
| Sam hasn't phoned me yet. |
Sam didn't phone me yesterday |
| We've lived in Singapore for six years. (= we live there now) |
We lived in Glasgow for six years, but now we live in Singapore. |

U#21) is done was done (Passive 1)

- The office is cleaned every day.
- The office was cleaned yesterday.
Compare active and passive:


- The past participle of regular verbs is -ed (cleaned/damaged etc.).
- For a list of irregular past participles (done/built/taken etc.), see Appendix 2-3.
- Butter is made from milk.
- Oranges are imported into Britain.
- How often are these rooms cleaned?
- I am never invited to parties.
- This house was built 100 years ago.
- These houses were built 100 years ago.
- When was the telephone invented?
- We weren’t invited to the party last week.
- 'Was anybody injured in the accident?' 'Yes, two people were taken to hospital.’
- I was born in Berlin in 1993. (not ❌ I am born)
- 'Where were you born?' 'In Cairo.'
- The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. (= Alexander Bell invented it)
- I was bitten by a dog a few days ago.
- Do you like these paintings? They were painted by a friend of mine.
U#22) is being done has been done (passive 2)

is/are being ... (present continuous passive)

- My car is at the garage. It is being repaired. (= somebody is repairing it)
- Some new houses are being built opposite the park. (= somebody is building them)
Compare the present continuous and present simple:
- The office is being cleaned at the moment, (continuous)
- The office is cleaned every day. (simple)
- Football matches are often played at the weekend, but no matches are being played next weekend.
has/have been ... (Present Perfect Passive)


- My key has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen it)
- My keys have been stolen. (= somebody has stolen them)
- I'm not going to the party. I haven't been invited. (= nobody has invited me)
- Has this shirt been washed? (= has somebody washed it?)
Compare the present perfect and past simple:
- The room isn't dirty any more. It has been cleaned, (present perfect)
- The room was cleaned yesterday, (past simple)
- I can't find my keys. I think they've been stolen, (present perfect)
- My keys were stolen last week, (past simple)
U#23) be/have/do in present and past tenses
be (= am/is/are/was/were) + -ing (cleaning/working etc.)
- am/is/are + -ing (present continuous)
- was/were + -ing (past continuous)

- Please be quiet. I'm working
- It isn't raining at the moment.
- What are you doing this evening?
- I was working when she arrived.
- It wasn't raining, so we didn't need an umbrella.
- What were you doing at 3 o'clock?
be + past participle (cleaned/made/eaten etc.)
- am/is/are + past participle (passive present simple)
- was/were + past participle(passive past simple)

- I'm never invited to parties.
- Butter is made from milk.
- These offices aren't cleaned every day.
- The office was cleaned yesterday.
- These houses were built 100 years ago.
- How was the window **broken?
- Where were you** born?
have/has + past participle (cleaned/lost/eaten/been etc.)
- have/has + past participle (present perfect)
- I've cleaned my room.
- Tom has lost his passport.
- Kate hasn't been to Canada.
- Where have Paul and Emma gone?
do/does/did + infinitive (clean/like/eat/go etc.)
- do/does + infinitive (present simple negative and questions)
- did + infinitive (past simple negative and questions)
- I like coffee, but I don't like tea.
- Chris doesn't go out very often.
- What do you usually do at weekends?
- Does Sam live alone?
- I didn't watch TV yesterday.
- It didn't rain last week.
- What time did Paul and Emma go out?
U#24) Regular and irregular verbs
Regular verbs
- The past simple and past participle of regular verbs is -ed:
🔰 clean —> cleaned🔰 live—> lived 🔰 paint —> painted🔰 study —> studied
Past simple:
- I cleaned my room yesterday.
- Chris studied engineering at university.
Past participle: | have/has + past participle (Present Perfect)
- I have cleaned my room.
- Tina has lived in London for ten years.
be (is/are/were/has been etc.) + past participle (Passive):
- These rooms are cleaned every day.
- My car has been repaired.
Irregular verbs
- The past simple and past participle of irregular verbs do not end in -ed:

- Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same. For example:

-
I made a cake yesterday, (past simple)
-
I have made some coffee, (past participle - present perfect)
-
Butter is made from milk, (past participle - passive present)
-
Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different. For example:

- Somebody broke this window last night, (past simple)
- Somebody has broken this window, (past participle - present perfect)
- This window was broken last night, (past participle - passive past)
U#25) What are you doing tomorrow?


We use am/is/are + -ing (present continuous) for something happening now:
- Where are Tina and Helen?' 'They're playing tennis in the park.'
- Please be quiet. I'm working.
- We also use am/is/are + -ing for the future (tomorrow / next week etc.):
- I have arranged to do it, I have a plan to do it:
- Andrew is playing tennis tomorrow.
- I'm not working next week
- I am doing something tomorrow = I have arranged to do it, I have a plan to do it:

- Sophie is going to the dentist on Friday.(= she has an appointment with the dentist)
- We're having a party next weekend.
- Are you meeting your friends tonight?
- What are you doing tomorrow evening?
- I'm not going out tonight. I'm staying at home.
- You can also say I am going to do something'
- We use the present continuous (I'm staying / are you coming etc.) to say what somebody has arranged to do:
- I'm staying at home this evening. (not ❌ I stay)
- Are you going out tonight? (not ❌ Do you go)
- Lisa isn't coming to the party next week, (not ❌ Lisa doesn't come)
- But we use the present simple (start, arrives etc.) for timetables, programmes, trains, buses etc.:
- The train arrives at 7.30.
- What time does the film finish?

|
|
| Present Continuous (usually for people) |
Present Simple (for timetables, programmes etc.) |
| I'm going to a concert tomorrow. |
The concert starts at 7.30 |
| What time are you leaving? |
What time does your train leave? |
U#26) I'm going to ...
- I'm going to do something

- She is going to watch TV this evening.
- We use am/is/are going to ... for the future:

- I am going to do something = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it:

- I'm going to buy some books tomorrow.
- Sarah is going to sell her car.
- I'm not going to have breakfast this morning. I'm not hungry.
- What are you going to wear to the wedding next week?
- 'Your hands are dirty.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to wash them.'
- Are you going to invite Mark to your party?
- We also use the present continuous (I am doing) for the future, usually for arrangement
- I am playing tennis with Julia tomorrow.
Something is going to happen
- Something is going to happen = we can see now
that it is sure to happen:

- Look at the sky! It's going to rain. (black clouds now —> rain)
- Oh dear! It's 9 o'clock and I'm not ready.
- I'm going to be late.(9 o'clock now and not ready —» late)
U#27) will/shall 1

- Sarah goes to work every day. She is always
there from 8.30 until 4.30.
- It is 11 o'clock now. Sarah is at work.
- At 11 o'clock yesterday, she was at work.
- At 11 o'clock tomorrow, she will be at work.
will + infinitive (will be / will win / will come etc.):


- 'll = will: I'll (I will)/you'll/she'll etc.
- won't = will not: I won't (= I will not) / you won't / she won't etc.
- We use will for thefuture (tomorrow / next week etc.):
- Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow she'll be in Rome. Next week she 'll be in Tokyo.
- You can call me this evening. I'll be at home.
- Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will eat it.
- We'll probably go out this evening.
- Will you be at home this evening?
- I won't be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here)
- Don't drink coffee before you go to bed. You won't sleep.
We often say I think ... will
- I think Kelly will pass the exam.
- I don't think it will rain this afternoon.
- Do you think the exam will be difficult?
- We do not use will for things we have already arranged or decided to do
- We're going to the cinema on Saturday. Do you want to comewith us? (not We will go)
- I'm not working tomorrow. (not I won't work)
- Are you going to do the exam? (not Will you do)strong text
shall
- You can say I shall (= I will) and we shall (= we will):
- I shall be late tomorrow, or I will (I'll) be late tomorrow.
- I think we shall win. or I think we will (we'll) win
- But do not ❌ use shall with you/they/he/she/it:
- Tom will be late (not ❌ Tom shall be)
U#28) will/shall 2


- You can use I'll... (I will) when you offer something or decide to do something:
- 'My bag is very heavy. I will carry it for you.'
- I will phone you tomorrow, OK?' 'OK, bye.'
- We often say I think I"ll... I don't think I"ll... when we decide to do something:
- I'm tired. I think I'll go to bed early tonight.
- It's a nice day. I think I'll sit outside.
- It's raining. I don't think I'll go out.
- Do not ❌ use the present simple (I go /I phone etc.) in sentences like these:
- I'll phone you tomorrow, OK? (not ❌ I phone you)
- I think I'll go to bed early, (not ❌ I go to bed)
- Do not use I'll... for something you decided before
- I'm working tomorrow. (not ❌ I'll work)
- I don't want my car any more. I'm going to sell it. (not ❌ I'll sell)
- What are you doing at the weekend? (not ❌ What will you do)
Shall I ... ? Shall we ... ?

Shall I / Shall we ... ? = Do you chink this is a good thing to do? Do you think this is a good idea?
- It’s very warm in this room. Shall I open the window?
- 'Shall I phone you this evening?’ 'Yes, please.’
- I’m going to a party tonight. What shall I wear?
- It's a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?
- Where shall we go for our holidays this year?
- 'Let's go out this evening.' 'OK, what time shall we meet?’
U#29) might


- He might go to New York.(= it is possible that he will go to New York)
- It might rain.(= it is possible that it will rain)
might + infinitive (might go / might be / might rain etc.):

I might = it is possible that I will:
- I might go to the cinema this evening, but I'm not sure. (= it is possible that I will go)
- A: When is Rebecca going to phone you?
- B: I don't know. She might phone this afternoon.
- Take an umbrella with you. It might rain.
- Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky. (= perhaps you will be lucky)
- A: Are you going out tonight?
- B: I might. (= I might go out)
- I'm playing tennis tomorrow, (sure)
- I might play tennis tomorrow, (possible)
- Rebecca is going to phone later, (sure)
- Rebecca might phone later, (possible)
I might not = it is possible that I will not:
- I might not go to work tomorrow.(= it is possible that I will not go)
- Sue might not come to the party.(= it is possible that she will not come)
may
- You can use may in the same way. I may = I might:
- I may go to the cinema this evening. (= I might go)
- Sue may not come to the party. (= Sue might not come)
May I ... ? = Is it OK to ... ? / Can I ... ?:
- May I ask a question? (= is it O K to ask / can I ask?)
- 'May I sit here?' 'Yes, of course.'
U#30) can and could


can + infinitive (can do / can play / can come etc):


I can do something = I know how to do it, or it is possible for me to do it:
- I can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.
- Sarah can speak Italian, but she can't speak Spanish.
- A : Can you swim?
- B: Yes, but I'm not a very good swimmer.
- A : Can you change twenty pounds?
- B: I'm sorry, I can't.
- I'm having a party next week, but Paul and Rachel can't come.
For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use could/couldn't:
- When I was young, I could run very fast.
- Before Maria came to Britain, she couldn't understand much English. Now she can understand everything.
- I was tired last night, but I couldn't sleep.
- I had a party last week, but Paul and Rachel couldn't come.
Can you ... ? Could you ... ? Can I ... ? Could I ... ?
- We use Can you ... ? or Could you ... ? when we ask people to do things:
- Can you open the door, please? or Could you open the door, please?
- Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait ... ?
We use Can I have ... ? or Can I get ... ? to ask for something:
- Can I have a glass of water, please? or Can I get ...?
Can I ? or Could I ... ? = is it OK to do something?:
- Can I sit here?
- Tom, could I borrow your umbrella?