NOTE#1_EG_Cambridge

Units#1-30

#1-Present Simple


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  • They have a lot of books.
  • They read a lot.
  • He’s eating an ice cream.
  • He likes ice cream.
  • I like Icecream
  • They read / he likes / I work etc. = the present simple:

l/we/you/they | read like work live watch do have

he/she/it | reads likes works lives watches does has


Remember: he works / she lives / it rains etc.

  • I work in a shop. My brother works in a bank. My brother work)
  • Lucy lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland.
  • It rains a lot in winter.

I have —>he/she/it has:

  • Joe has a shower every day

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  • We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all
    the time:
  • I like big cities.
  • Your English is good. You speak very well.
  • Tom works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 o'clock in the evening.
  • The earth goes round the sun.
  • We do a lot of different things in our free time.
  • It costs a lot of money to build a hospital.

always/never/often/usually/sometimes + present simple

  • Sue always gets to work early, (not Sue gets always)
  • I never eat breakfast, (not I eat never)
  • We often go away at weekends.
  • Mark usually plays football on Sundays.
  • I sometimes walk to work, but not very often.

Present Simple-Negative


  • The present simple negative is don't/doesn't + verb:

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  • I drink coffee, but I don't drink tea.
  • Sue drinks tea, but she doesn't drink coffee.
  • You don't work very hard.
  • We don't watch TV very often.
  • The weather is usually nice. It doesn't rain very often.
  • Sam and Chris don't know many people.

l/we/you/they | don't.

he/she/it            | doesn't

  • I don't like football.
  • He doesn't like football.
  • I don't like Fred and Fred doesn't like me. (not Fred don't like)
  • My car doesn't use much petrol. (not My car don't use)
  • Sometimes he is late, but it doesn't happen very often.

We use don't/doesn't + infinitive (don't like / doesn't speak / doesn't do etc.):

  • I don't like washing the car. I don't do it very often.
  • Sarah speaks Spanish, but she doesn't speak Italian. (not doesn't speaks)
  • David doesn't do his job very well, (not David doesn't his job)
  • Paula doesn't usually have breakfast, (not doesn't... has)

Present Simple-Questions


  • We use do/does in present simple questions:

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  • What do you do? = What's your job?
  • 'What do you do?' 'I work in a bank.'

do l/we/you/they...
does he/she/it

  • Do they like music?
  • Does he like music?

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  • 'Do you play the guitar?' 'No, I don't.'
  • Do your parents speak English?' Yes, they do.'
  • Does James work hard?' Yes, he does.'
  • Does your sister live in London?' No, she doesn't.'

am/is/are


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  • I'm cold. Can you close the window, please?
  • I'm 32 years old. My sister is 29.
  • Steve is ill. He's in bed.
  • My brother is scared of dogs.
  • It's ten o'clock. You're late again.
  • Ann and I are good friends.
  • Your keys are on the table.

  • I'm tired, but I'm not hungry.
  • Lisa isn't interested in politics. She's interested in art.
  • James isn't a teacher. He's a student.
  • Those people aren't English. They're Australian.
  • It's sunny today, but it isn't warm

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that's = that is there's = there is here's = here is

  • Thank you. That's very kind of you.
  • Look! There's Chris.
  • 'Here's your key.' 'Thank you.'

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am/is/are(questions)


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  • 'Am I late?' 'No, you're on time.'
  • Is your mother at home?' No, she's out.'
  • Are your parents at home?' No, they're out.'
  • 'Is it cold in your room?' 'Yes, a little.'
  • Your shoes are nice. Are they new?

We say:

  • Is she at home? / Is your mother at home? (not Is at home your mother?)
  • Are they new? / Are your shoes new? (not Are new your shoes?)

Where... ? / What... ? / Who ... ? / How ... ? / Why ... ?

  • Where is your mother? Is she at home?
  • 'Where are you from?' 'Canada.'
  • 'What colour is your car?' 'It's red.'
  • 'How old is Joe?' 'He's 24.'
  • How are your parents? Are they well?
  • These shoes are nice. How much are they?
  • This hotel isn't very good. Why is it so expensive?

🔰 what's = what is
🔰 who's = who is
🔰 how's = how is
🔰 where's = where is

  • What's the time?
  • Who's that man?
  • Where's Lucy?
  • How's your father?

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  • Are you tired?' Yes, I am.'
  • 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I'm not, but I'm thirsty.'
  • Is your friend English?' Yes, he is.'
  • 'Are these your keys?' Yes, they are.'
  • That's my seat.' No, it isn't.'

#2-Present Continuous


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The present continuous is:
am/is/are + doing/eating/running/writing etc.

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  • I'm working. I'm not watching TV.
  • Maria is reading a newspaper.
  • She isn't eating, (or She's not eating.)
  • The bus is coming.
  • We're having dinner.
  • You're not listening to me. (or You aren't listening)
  • The children are doing their homework.

am/is/are + -ing = something is happening now:

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  • Please be quiet. I'm working. (= I'm working now)
  • Look, there's Sarah. She's wearing a brown coat. (= she is wearing it now)
  • The weather is nice. It's not raining.
  • 'Where are the children?' 'They're playing in the park.'
  • (on the phone) We're having dinner now. Can I call you later?
  • You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it.

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Present Continuous-Questions


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  • 'Are you feeling OK?' 'Yes, I'm fine, thanks.'
  • 'Is it raining?' 'Yes, take an umbrella.'
  • Why are you wearing a coat? It's not cold.
  • 'What's Paul doing?' 'He's studying for his exams.'
  • 'What are the children doing?' 'They're watching TV.'
  • Look, there's Emily! Where's she going?
  • Who are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Sue?

Study the word order:

is/are + subject + -ing

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  • 'Are you going now?' 'Yes, I am.'
  • 'Is Ben working today?' 'Yes, he is.'
  • Is it raining?' No, it isn't.'
  • 'Are your friends staying at a hotel?' 'No, they aren't. They're staying with me.'

I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple)


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  • Jack is watching television.
  • He is not playing the guitar.
  • But Jack has a guitar.
  • He often plays it and he plays very well.
  • Jack plays the guitar, but he is not playing the guitar now.
  • Is he playing the guitar? No, he isn't. (present continuous)
  • Does he play the guitar? Yes, he does. (present simple)

Present continuous (I am doing) = now, at the time of speaking:

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  • Please be quiet. I'm working. (not I work)
  • Tom is having a shower at the moment. (not Tom has)
  • Take an umbrella with you. It's raining.
  • You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it.
  • Why are you under the table? What are you doing?

Present simple (I do) = in general, all the time or sometimes:

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  • I work every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30.
  • Tom has a shower every morning.
  • It rains a lot in winter.
  • I don't watch TV very often.
  • What do you usually do at weekends?

We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing):

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🔰 Like    🔰 Remember 🔰 Know
🔰 Prefer 🔰 Believe        🔰 Understand
🔰 Need   🔰 Forget
🔰 Mean  🔰 Want


  • Use only the present simple with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.):
  • I'm tired. I want to go home, (not I'm wanting)
  • 'Do you know that girl?' 'Yes, but I don't remember her name.'
  • I don't understand What do you mean?

I have ... and I've got


  • You can say I have or I've got, he has or he's got:

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  • I have blue eyes, or I've got blue eyes.
  • Tom has two sisters, or Tom has got two sisters.
  • Our car has four doors, or Our car has got four doors.
  • Sarah isn't feeling well. She has a headache, or She's got a headache.
  • They like animals. They have a horse, three dogs and six cats, or They've got a horse

I don't have / I haven't got etc. (negative)

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  • I don't have a car. or I haven't got a car.
  • They don't have any children, or They haven't got any children.
  • It's a nice house, but it doesn't have a garden, or ... it hasn't got a garden.
  • Amy doesn't have a job at the moment, or Amy hasn't got a job

do you have? / have you got? etc. (questions)

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  • 'Do you have a camera?' 'No, I don't.' or
  • 'Have you got a camera?' 'No, I haven't.'
  • 'Does Helen have a car?' 'Yes, she does.' or
  • 'Has Helen got a car?' 'Yes, she has.'
  • What kind of car does she have? or ... has she got?
  • How many children do they have? or ... have they got?

Was or Were


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  • Now Robert is at work.
  • At midnight last night he wasn't at work.
  • He was in bed.
  • He was asleep.

am/is (present) —>was (past):

  • I am tired, (now)               | I was tired last night
  • Where is Kate? (now)       | Where was Kate yesterday?
  • The weather is good today. | The weather was good last week.

are (present) —» were (past):

You are late, (now)          | You were late yesterday
They aren't here, (now) | They weren't here last Sunday.


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  • Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now.
  • When I was a child, I was scared of dogs.
  • We were hungry after the journey, but we weren't tired.
  • The hotel was comfortable, but it wasn't expensive.
  • Was the weather nice when you were on holiday?
  • Your shoes are nice. Were they expensive?
  • Why were you late this morning?

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  • 'Were you late?' 'No, I wasn't.'
  • 'Was Tom at work yesterday?' 'Yes, he was.'
  • 'Were Sue and Steve at the party?' No, they weren't.'

U#11-Simple Past


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  • They watch TV every evening. (present simple)
  • They watched TV yesterday evening. (past simple)
l/we/you/they watched
he/she/it watched
  • watched is the past simple:
  • The past simple is often -ed (regular verbs). For example:

🔰 Work —> Worked 🔰 Dance —> Danced
🔰 Clean —>Cleaned  🔰 Stay —> Stayed
🔰 Start —> Started    🔰 Need —> Needed


  • I clean my teeth every morning. This morning I cleaned my teeth.
  • Terry worked in a bank from 2005 to 2011.
  • Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
  • We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people.
  • The party finished at midnight.

🔰 Try —> Tried         🔰 Study —> Studied
🔰 Stop —> Stopped 🔰 Plan —> Planned
🔰Copy —» Copied


  • Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not -ed. Here are some important irregular verbs

🔰 begin —> began 🔰 fall —> fell
🔰 sell —> sold         🔰 break —> broke
🔰 lose —> lost         🔰leave —> left
🔰 sit —> sat             🔰 find —> found
🔰 bring —> brought🔰 sleep —> slept
🔰 fly —> flew            🔰build —> built
🔰make —> made     🔰 forget —> forgot
🔰 meet —> met        🔰 pay —> paid
🔰 speak —> spoke   🔰 stand —> stood
🔰 buy —> bought     🔰 catch —> caught
🔰 get —> got             🔰 give —> gave
🔰 put —> put            🔰come —> came
🔰 take —> took         🔰 go —>went
🔰 read —> read (red)* 🔰 have —> had
🔰 tell —> told            🔰 ring —> rang
🔰 do —> did              🔰 think —> thought
🔰 drink drank           🔰 eat —> ate
🔰 hear —> heard             🔰 know —> knew
🔰 say —> said  🔰 see —> saw
🔰 win —>won 🔰 write —> wrote

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  • I usually get up early, but this morning I got up at 9 o'clock.
  • We did a lot of work yesterday.
  • Caroline went to the cinema three times last week.
  • James came into the room, took off his coat and sat down.

U#12) Simple Past Negative and Questions


  • We use did in past simple negatives and questions:

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do/does (present) —» did (past):

  • I don't watch TV very often.
  • I didn't watch TV yesterday.
  • Does she often go away?
  • Did she go away last week?

We use did/didn't + infinitive (watch/play/go etc.):

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  • I played tennis yesterday, but I didn't win.
  • 'Did you do the shopping?' 'No, I didn't have time.'
  • We went to the cinema, but we didn't enjoy the film.

Study the word order in questions:

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  • Did you see Joe yesterday?' 'No, I didn't.'
  • Did it rain on Sunday?' 'Yes, it did.'
  • Did Helen come to the party?' No, she didn't.'
  • Did your parents have a good holiday?' Yes, they did.'

U#13)-Past Continuous


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  • It is 6 o'clock now.
  • Paul is at home.
  • He is watching TV.
  • At 4 o'clock he wasn't at home.
  • He was at the sports club.
  • He was swimming in the pool.
  • He wasn't watching TV.

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was/were + -ing is the past continuous:
Spelling (live -» living / run —>running / lie -» lying etc.)

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  • What were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working?
  • 'What did he say?' 'I don't know. I wasn't listening.'
  • It was raining so we didn't go out.
  • In 2009 we were living in Canada.
  • Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers.
  • I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds were singing

am/is/are + -ing (present) —>was/were + -ing (past):

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U#14 ) Past Continuous & Past Simple


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  • What happened? His phone rang, (past simple)
  • What was Jack doing when his phone rang? He was reading a book.(past continuous)
  • What did he do when his phone rang? He stopped reading and answered his phone.(past simple)
  • Jack began reading before his phone rang. So when his phone rang, he was reading.

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  • I started work at 9 o'clock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 I was working.
  • It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we went out)
  • I saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop.
  • Kelly fell asleep while she was reading.

U#15) Present Perfect


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has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present perfect (have + past participle):

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Regular verbs The past participle is -ed (the same as the past simple):

🔰clean —> I have cleaned
🔰 finish —> we have finished
🔰 start —> she has started

Irregular verbs The past participle is not -ed.

  • Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same:
    🔰 buy —> I bought / I have bought
    🔰 have —> he had / he has had

  • Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different:

🔰break —>I broke / I have broken
🔰 see —> you saw / you have seen
🔰 fall —>it fell / it has fallen
🔰 go —>they went / they have gone

We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now:

  • I've lost my passport. (= I can't find my passport now)
  • 'Where's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed.' (= she is in bed now)
  • We've bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
  • It's Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a present. (= I don't have a present for her now)
  • 'Bob is away on holiday.' 'Oh, where has he gone?' (= where is he now?)
  • Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (= do you need it now?)

U#16) I've just... I’ve already...I haven't... yet (present perfect 2)


I've just

just = a short time ago


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  • A: Are Laura and Paul here?
  • B: Yes, they've just arrived.
  • A: Are you hungry?
  • B: No, I've just had dinner.
  • A: Is Tom here?
  • B: No, I'm afraid he's just gone. (= he has just gone)

I’ve already

already = before you expected / before I expected


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  • A: What time are Laura and Paul coming?
  • B: They've already arrived.(= before you expected)
  • It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already gone to bed. (= before I expected)
  • A: Jon, this is Emma.
  • B: Yes, I know. We've already met.

I haven't... yet / Have you ... yet?

yet = until now

  • We use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end.

yet in negative sentences (I haven't... yet)

  • A: Are Laura and Paul here?
  • B: No, they haven't arrived yet. (but B expects Laura and Paul to arrive soon)

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  • A: Does James know that you're going away?
  • B: No, I haven't told him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon)
  • Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet.

yet in questions (Have you ... yet?)

  • A: Have Laura and Paul arrived yet?
  • B: No, not yet. We're still waiting for them.

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  • A: Has Nicola started her new job yet?

  • B: No, she starts next week.

  • A: This is my new dress.

  • B: Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet?


U#17) Have you ever... ? (present perfect 3)


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We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk about a time from
the past until now - for example, a persons life:

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  • 'Have you been to France?' 'No, I haven't.'
  • I've been to Canada, but I haven't been to the United States.
  • Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places.
  • I've seen that woman before, but I can't remember where.
  • How many times has Brazil won the World Cup?
  • 'Have you read this book?' 'Yes, I've read it twice.' (twice = two times)

present perfect + ever (in questions) and never:

  • 'Has Ann ever been to Australia?' 'Yes, once.' (once = one time)
  • 'Have you ever played golf?' 'Yes, I play a lot.'
  • My sister has never travelled by plane.
  • I've never ridden a horse.
  • Who is that man?' 'I don't know. I've never seen him before.'

gone and been

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  • Ben has gone to Spain. (= he is in Spain now)
  • Ben has been to Spain.(= he went to Spain, but now he is back)

Compare:

  • I can't find Susan. Where has she gone? (= where is she now?)
  • Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?

U#18) How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4)


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  • Helen is on holiday in Ireland.
  • She is there now.
  • She arrived in Ireland on Monday.
  • Today is Thursday.
  • How long has she been in Ireland?

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  • She has been in Ireland [ since Monday | for three days. ]

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Present simple Present perfect simple (have been / have lived / have known etc.)
Dan and Kate are married They have been married for five years.(not ❌ They are married for five years.)
Are you married? How long have you been married?(not ❌ How long are you married?)
Do you know Lisa? How long have you known her?(not ❌ How long do you know her?)
I know Lisa. I've known her for a long time.(not ❌ I know her for...)
Vicky lives in London How long has she lived in London? She has lived there all her life.
I have a car. How long have you had your car? I've had it since April.
Present Continuous Present perfect Continuous (have been + -ing)
I'm learning German. How long have you been learning German?(not ❌ How long are you learning German?) I've been learning German for two years.
David is watching TV. How long has he been watching TV? He's been (= He has been) watching TV since 5 o'clock.
It's raining. It's been (= It has been) raining all day.

U#19) for... since... ago...


for and since

We use for and since to say how long:

  • Helen is in Ireland. She has been there [ since Monday | for three days. ]

We use for + a period of time (three days / two years etc.):

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  • Richard has been in Canada for six months. (not ❌ since six months)
  • We've been waiting for two hours. (not ❌ since two hours)
  • I've lived in London for a long time.

We use since + the start of the period
(Monday / 9 o'clock etc.):

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  • Richard has been in Canada since January. (= from January to now)
  • We've been waiting since 9 o'clock. (= from 9 o'clock to now)
  • I've lived in London since I was ten years old.

ago

ago = before now:

  • Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (= three weeks before now)
  • 'When did Tom go out?' Ten minutes ago.' (=ten minutes before now)
  • I had dinner an hour ago.
  • Life was very different a hundred years ago.

We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was etc.).


Compare ago and for:


  • When did Helen arrive in Ireland?
  • She arrived in Ireland three days ago.
  • How long has she been in Ireland?
  • She has been in Ireland for three days.

U#20) I have done (present perfect) and I did (past)


  • With a finished time (yesterday / last week etc.), we use the past (arrived/saw/was etc.):
  • Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have done / have been etc.) with a finished time:

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  • I saw Paula yesterday. ( not ❌ I have seen)
  • Where were you on Sunday afternoon? ( not ❌ Where have you been)
  • We didn't have a holiday last year ( not ❌ We haven't had)
  • 'What did you do last night?' 'I stayed at home.'
  • William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many plays and poems.

Use the past to ask When ... ? or What time ... ?:

  • When did you buy your computer? (not ❌ When have you bought)
  • What time did Andy go out? (not ❌ What time has Andy gone out)

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Present Perfect Simple Past
I have lost my key.(= I can't find it now) I lost my key last week.
Ben has gone home.(= he isn't here now) Ben went home ten minutes ago
Have you seen Kate?(= where is she now?) Did you see Kate on Saturday?
Have you ever been to Spain? (= in your life, until now) Did you go to Spain last year?
My friend is a writer. He has written many books. Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems.
Sam hasn't phoned me yet. Sam didn't phone me yesterday
We've lived in Singapore for six years. (= we live there now) We lived in Glasgow for six years, but now we live in Singapore.

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U#21) is done was done (Passive 1)


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  • The office is cleaned every day.
  • The office was cleaned yesterday.

Compare active and passive:

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  • The past participle of regular verbs is -ed (cleaned/damaged etc.).
  • For a list of irregular past participles (done/built/taken etc.), see Appendix 2-3.

  • Butter is made from milk.
  • Oranges are imported into Britain.
  • How often are these rooms cleaned?
  • I am never invited to parties.
  • This house was built 100 years ago.
  • These houses were built 100 years ago.
  • When was the telephone invented?
  • We weren’t invited to the party last week.
  • 'Was anybody injured in the accident?' 'Yes, two people were taken to hospital.’

was/were born

  • I was born in Berlin in 1993. (not ❌ I am born)
  • 'Where were you born?' 'In Cairo.'

passive + by ...

  • The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. (= Alexander Bell invented it)
  • I was bitten by a dog a few days ago.
  • Do you like these paintings? They were painted by a friend of mine.

U#22) is being done has been done (passive 2)


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is/are being ... (present continuous passive)

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  • My car is at the garage. It is being repaired. (= somebody is repairing it)
  • Some new houses are being built opposite the park. (= somebody is building them)

Compare the present continuous and present simple:

  • The office is being cleaned at the moment, (continuous)
  • The office is cleaned every day. (simple)
  • Football matches are often played at the weekend, but no matches are being played next weekend.

has/have been ... (Present Perfect Passive)

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  • My key has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen it)
  • My keys have been stolen. (= somebody has stolen them)
  • I'm not going to the party. I haven't been invited. (= nobody has invited me)
  • Has this shirt been washed? (= has somebody washed it?)

Compare the present perfect and past simple:

  • The room isn't dirty any more. It has been cleaned, (present perfect)
  • The room was cleaned yesterday, (past simple)
  • I can't find my keys. I think they've been stolen, (present perfect)
  • My keys were stolen last week, (past simple)

U#23) be/have/do in present and past tenses


be (= am/is/are/was/were) + -ing (cleaning/working etc.)

  • am/is/are + -ing (present continuous)
  • was/were + -ing (past continuous)

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  • Please be quiet. I'm working
  • It isn't raining at the moment.
  • What are you doing this evening?
  • I was working when she arrived.
  • It wasn't raining, so we didn't need an umbrella.
  • What were you doing at 3 o'clock?

be + past participle (cleaned/made/eaten etc.)

  • am/is/are + past participle (passive present simple)
  • was/were + past participle(passive past simple)

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  • I'm never invited to parties.
  • Butter is made from milk.
  • These offices aren't cleaned every day.
  • The office was cleaned yesterday.
  • These houses were built 100 years ago.
  • How was the window **broken?
  • Where were you** born?

have/has + past participle (cleaned/lost/eaten/been etc.)

  • have/has + past participle (present perfect)
  • I've cleaned my room.
  • Tom has lost his passport.
  • Kate hasn't been to Canada.
  • Where have Paul and Emma gone?

do/does/did + infinitive (clean/like/eat/go etc.)

  • do/does + infinitive (present simple negative and questions)
  • did + infinitive (past simple negative and questions)
  • I like coffee, but I don't like tea.
  • Chris doesn't go out very often.
  • What do you usually do at weekends?
  • Does Sam live alone?
  • I didn't watch TV yesterday.
  • It didn't rain last week.
  • What time did Paul and Emma go out?

U#24) Regular and irregular verbs


Regular verbs

  • The past simple and past participle of regular verbs is -ed:

🔰 clean —> cleaned🔰 live—> lived 🔰 paint —> painted🔰 study —> studied

Past simple:

  • I cleaned my room yesterday.
  • Chris studied engineering at university.

Past participle: | have/has + past participle (Present Perfect)

  • I have cleaned my room.
  • Tina has lived in London for ten years.

be (is/are/were/has been etc.) + past participle (Passive):

  • These rooms are cleaned every day.
  • My car has been repaired.

Irregular verbs

  • The past simple and past participle of irregular verbs do not end in -ed:

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  • Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same. For example:

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  • I made a cake yesterday, (past simple)

  • I have made some coffee, (past participle - present perfect)

  • Butter is made from milk, (past participle - passive present)

  • Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different. For example:

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  • Somebody broke this window last night, (past simple)
  • Somebody has broken this window, (past participle - present perfect)
  • This window was broken last night, (past participle - passive past)

U#25) What are you doing tomorrow?


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We use am/is/are + -ing (present continuous) for something happening now:

  • Where are Tina and Helen?' 'They're playing tennis in the park.'
  • Please be quiet. I'm working.
  • We also use am/is/are + -ing for the future (tomorrow / next week etc.):
  • I have arranged to do it, I have a plan to do it:
  • Andrew is playing tennis tomorrow.
  • I'm not working next week
  • I am doing something tomorrow = I have arranged to do it, I have a plan to do it:

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  • Sophie is going to the dentist on Friday.(= she has an appointment with the dentist)
  • We're having a party next weekend.
  • Are you meeting your friends tonight?
  • What are you doing tomorrow evening?
  • I'm not going out tonight. I'm staying at home.
  • You can also say I am going to do something'
  • We use the present continuous (I'm staying / are you coming etc.) to say what somebody has arranged to do:
  • I'm staying at home this evening. (not ❌ I stay)
  • Are you going out tonight? (not ❌ Do you go)
  • Lisa isn't coming to the party next week, (not ❌ Lisa doesn't come)
  • But we use the present simple (start, arrives etc.) for timetables, programmes, trains, buses etc.:
  • The train arrives at 7.30.
  • What time does the film finish?

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Present Continuous (usually for people) Present Simple (for timetables, programmes etc.)
I'm going to a concert tomorrow. The concert starts at 7.30
What time are you leaving? What time does your train leave?

U#26) I'm going to ...


  • I'm going to do something

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  • She is going to watch TV this evening.
  • We use am/is/are going to ... for the future:

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  • I am going to do something = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it:

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  • I'm going to buy some books tomorrow.
  • Sarah is going to sell her car.
  • I'm not going to have breakfast this morning. I'm not hungry.
  • What are you going to wear to the wedding next week?
  • 'Your hands are dirty.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to wash them.'
  • Are you going to invite Mark to your party?
  • We also use the present continuous (I am doing) for the future, usually for arrangement
  • I am playing tennis with Julia tomorrow.

Something is going to happen

  • Something is going to happen = we can see now
    that it is sure to happen:

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  • Look at the sky! It's going to rain. (black clouds now —> rain)
  • Oh dear! It's 9 o'clock and I'm not ready.
  • I'm going to be late.(9 o'clock now and not ready —» late)

U#27) will/shall 1


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  • Sarah goes to work every day. She is always
    there from 8.30 until 4.30.
  • It is 11 o'clock now. Sarah is at work.
  • At 11 o'clock yesterday, she was at work.
  • At 11 o'clock tomorrow, she will be at work.

will + infinitive (will be / will win / will come etc.):

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  • 'll = will: I'll (I will)/you'll/she'll etc.
  • won't = will not: I won't (= I will not) / you won't / she won't etc.
  • We use will for thefuture (tomorrow / next week etc.):
  • Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow she'll be in Rome. Next week she 'll be in Tokyo.
  • You can call me this evening. I'll be at home.
  • Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will eat it.
  • We'll probably go out this evening.
  • Will you be at home this evening?
  • I won't be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here)
  • Don't drink coffee before you go to bed. You won't sleep.

We often say I think ... will

  • I think Kelly will pass the exam.
  • I don't think it will rain this afternoon.
  • Do you think the exam will be difficult?
  • We do not use will for things we have already arranged or decided to do
  • We're going to the cinema on Saturday. Do you want to comewith us? (not We will go)
  • I'm not working tomorrow. (not I won't work)
  • Are you going to do the exam? (not Will you do)strong text

shall

  • You can say I shall (= I will) and we shall (= we will):
  • I shall be late tomorrow, or I will (I'll) be late tomorrow.
  • I think we shall win. or I think we will (we'll) win
  • But do not ❌ use shall with you/they/he/she/it:
  • Tom will be late (not ❌ Tom shall be)

U#28) will/shall 2


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  • You can use I'll... (I will) when you offer something or decide to do something:
  • 'My bag is very heavy. I will carry it for you.'
  • I will phone you tomorrow, OK?' 'OK, bye.'
  • We often say I think I"ll... I don't think I"ll... when we decide to do something:
  • I'm tired. I think I'll go to bed early tonight.
  • It's a nice day. I think I'll sit outside.
  • It's raining. I don't think I'll go out.
  • Do not ❌ use the present simple (I go /I phone etc.) in sentences like these:
  • I'll phone you tomorrow, OK? (not ❌ I phone you)
  • I think I'll go to bed early, (not ❌ I go to bed)
  • Do not use I'll... for something you decided before
  • I'm working tomorrow. (not ❌ I'll work)
  • I don't want my car any more. I'm going to sell it. (not ❌ I'll sell)
  • What are you doing at the weekend? (not ❌ What will you do)

Shall I ... ? Shall we ... ?

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Shall I / Shall we ... ? = Do you chink this is a good thing to do? Do you think this is a good idea?

  • It’s very warm in this room. Shall I open the window?
  • 'Shall I phone you this evening?’ 'Yes, please.’
  • I’m going to a party tonight. What shall I wear?
  • It's a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?
  • Where shall we go for our holidays this year?
  • 'Let's go out this evening.' 'OK, what time shall we meet?’

U#29) might


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  • He might go to New York.(= it is possible that he will go to New York)
  • It might rain.(= it is possible that it will rain)

might + infinitive (might go / might be / might rain etc.):

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I might = it is possible that I will:

  • I might go to the cinema this evening, but I'm not sure. (= it is possible that I will go)
  • A: When is Rebecca going to phone you?
  • B: I don't know. She might phone this afternoon.
  • Take an umbrella with you. It might rain.
  • Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky. (= perhaps you will be lucky)
  • A: Are you going out tonight?
  • B: I might. (= I might go out)

Study the difference:

  • I'm playing tennis tomorrow, (sure)
  • I might play tennis tomorrow, (possible)
  • Rebecca is going to phone later, (sure)
  • Rebecca might phone later, (possible)

I might not = it is possible that I will not:

  • I might not go to work tomorrow.(= it is possible that I will not go)
  • Sue might not come to the party.(= it is possible that she will not come)

may

  • You can use may in the same way. I may = I might:
  • I may go to the cinema this evening. (= I might go)
  • Sue may not come to the party. (= Sue might not come)

May I ... ? = Is it OK to ... ? / Can I ... ?:

  • May I ask a question? (= is it O K to ask / can I ask?)
  • 'May I sit here?' 'Yes, of course.'

U#30) can and could


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can + infinitive (can do / can play / can come etc):

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I can do something = I know how to do it, or it is possible for me to do it:

  • I can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.
  • Sarah can speak Italian, but she can't speak Spanish.
  • A : Can you swim?
  • B: Yes, but I'm not a very good swimmer.
  • A : Can you change twenty pounds?
  • B: I'm sorry, I can't.
  • I'm having a party next week, but Paul and Rachel can't come.

For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use could/couldn't:

  • When I was young, I could run very fast.
  • Before Maria came to Britain, she couldn't understand much English. Now she can understand everything.
  • I was tired last night, but I couldn't sleep.
  • I had a party last week, but Paul and Rachel couldn't come.

Can you ... ? Could you ... ? Can I ... ? Could I ... ?

  • We use Can you ... ? or Could you ... ? when we ask people to do things:
  • Can you open the door, please? or Could you open the door, please?
  • Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait ... ?

We use Can I have ... ? or Can I get ... ? to ask for something:

  • Can I have a glass of water, please? or Can I get ...?

Can I ? or Could I ... ? = is it OK to do something?:

  • Can I sit here?
  • Tom, could I borrow your umbrella?